easy learn linux command line-part 28

Hello all linux user, this is last linux command line learning and we want to learn some useful commands. today we learn about encrypt and decrypt, download website with Wget any others.

we offer read other posts, if you like to learn more:

easy learn linux command line-part 22

easy learn linux command line-part 18

easy learn linux command line-part 14

easy learn linux command line-part 8

easy learn linux command line-part 3

Other useful commands
Command	Description
# alias hh='history'	set an alias for a command - hh = history
# apropos ...keyword	display a list of commands that pertain to keywords of a program , useful when you know what your program does, but you don't know the name of the command
# chsh	change shell command
# chsh --list-shells	nice command to know if you have to remote into another box
# gpg -c file1	encrypt a file with GNU Privacy Guard
# gpg file1.gpg	decrypt a file with GNU Privacy Guard
# ldd /usr/bin/ssh	show shared libraries required by ssh program
# man ping	display the on-line manual pages for example on ping command - use '-k' option to find any related commands
# mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 `uname -r`	create a boot floppy
# wget -r www.fire-gate.blogspot.com	download an entire web site
# wget -c www.example.com/file.iso	download a file with the ability to stop the download and resume later
# echo 'wget -c www.example.com/files.iso' | at 09:00	start a download at any given time
# whatis ...keyword	displays description of what a program does
# who -a	show who is logged on, and print: time of last system boot, dead processes, system login processes, active processes spawned by init, current runlevel, last system clock change

easy learn linux command line-part 26

in this season, We will learn how to work with IP Table on the linux OS command line.

you can read more information about IP table here, if you cant know anythings about it.

IPTABLES (firewall)
Command	Description
# iptables -t filter -L	show all chains of filtering table
# iptables -t nat -L	show all chains of nat table
# iptables -t filter -F	clear all rules from filtering table
# iptables -t nat -F	clear all rules from table nat
# iptables -t filter -X	delete any chains created by user
# iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport telnet -j ACCEPT	allow telnet connections to input
# iptables -t filter -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport http -j DROP	block HTTP connections to output
# iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -p tcp --dport pop3 -j ACCEPT	allow POP3 connections to forward chain
# iptables -t filter -A INPUT -j LOG --log-prefix	Logging on input chain
# iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE	configure a PAT (Port Address Traslation) on eth0 masking outbound packets
# iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 192.168.0.1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j DNAT --to-destination 10.0.0.2:22	redirect packets addressed to a host to another host

easy learn linux command line-part 25

What is your Choice for make Network with Windows Systems?

May be you select some Software with diffrent GUI, But we offer SAMBA for this.

you can connect your linux system to other windows systems easily even without GUI, only with some command in linux Terminal.

we offer for more information read this post.

Microsoft Windows networks (samba)
Command	Description
# mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //WinClient/share /mnt/share	mount a windows network share
# nbtscan ip_addr	netbios name resolution
# nmblookup -A ip_addr	netbios name resolution
# smbclient -L ip_addr/hostname	show remote shares of a windows host
# smbget -Rr smb://ip_addr/share	like wget can download files from a host windows via smb

easy learn linux command line-part 24

Are you use software for monitor your Wifi Or Lan Networks?

maybe yes and maybe No. there are users that use one or some soft wares for monitor his networks. some of good soft wares aren't free and you have to pay for theme.

there are other problems for user ,many of this soft wares hasnt all tools for monitor and they hasnt good and simple interface.

after this explain we want to start new linux command learn about monitor, configuration network, watch network statistics and ... .

Networking (LAN / WiFi(
Command	Description
# dhclient eth0	active interface 'eth0' in dhcp mode
# ethtool eth0	show network statistics of eth0
# host www.fire-gate.blogspot.com	lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa
# hostname	show hostname of system
# ifconfig eth0	show configuration of an ethernet network card
# ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0	configure IP Address
# ifconfig eth0 promisc	configure 'eth0' in promiscuous mode to gather packets (sniffing)
# ifdown eth0	disable an interface 'eth0'
# ifup eth0	activate an interface 'eth0'
# ip link show	show link status of all network interfaces
# iwconfig eth1	show wireless networks
# iwlist scan	wifi scanning to display the wireless connections available
# mii-tool eth0	show link status of 'eth0'
# netstat -tup	show all active network connections and their PID
# netstat -tupl	show all network services listening on the system and their PID
# netstat -rn	show routing table alike "route -n"
# nslookup www.fire-gate.blogspot.com	lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa
# route -n	show routing table
# route add -net 0/0 gw IP_Gateway	configure default gateway
# route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1	configure static route to reach network '192.168.0.0/16'
# route del 0/0 gw IP_gateway	remove static route
# echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward	activate ip routing
# tcpdump tcp port 80	show all HTTP traffic
# whois www.fire-gate.blogspot.com	lookup on Whois database

easy learn linux command line-part 23

we want to learn, how to use terminal for rip wav files on the CD-ROM, Clean a rewriteable CD or DVD, Burn and Mount ISO images and many other things that you can do it on the Linux Terminal.

this lesson is fun and cool !!!

Have good time with listen to music that play with a command at the command line.


If you like this post, i suggest to visit here for more.

CDROM
Command	Description
# cd-paranoia -B	rip audio tracks from a CD to wav files
# cd-paranoia --	rip first three audio tracks from a CD to wav files
# cdrecord -v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/cdrom -eject blank=fast -force	clean a rewritable cdrom
# cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.iso	burn an ISO image
# gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom -	burn a compressed ISO image
# cdrecord --scanbus	scan bus to identify the channel scsi
# dd if=/dev/hdc | md5sum	perform an md5sum on a device, like a CD
# mkisofs /dev/cdrom > cd.iso	create an iso image of cdrom on disk
# mkisofs /dev/cdrom | gzip > cd_iso.gz	create a compressed iso image of cdrom on disk
# mkisofs -J -allow-leading-dots -R -V	create an iso image of a directory
# mount -o loop cd.iso /mnt/iso	mount an ISO image

easy learn linux command line-part 22

If you didnt know what is Back Up?!!! Please read here first.

there are many ways for create Back Up File in the operation systems. You can Use software or use default tools in your OS. its depends on you but i prefer default tools because i think my Linux OS is very Powerful and has many Options.

if you are agree with me, read this post please.

Today, We learn how to Create your Favorite (yes favorite, because you have many options) Back Up. and learn how to get back up From other formats like: TXT, Directories and etc.

after get  Back Up, you need to move it to other partitions or removable card and even or CD, DVD, online Hard Dirve, Cloud Storages.

Backup
Command	Description
# find /var/log -name '*.log' | tar cv --files-from=- | bzip2 > log.tar.bz2	find all files with '.log' extention and make an bzip archive
# find /home/user1 -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -av --target-directory=/home/backup/ --parents	find and copy all files with '.txt' extention from a directory to another
# dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@ip_addr 'dd of=hda.gz'	make a backup of a local hard disk on remote host via ssh
# dd if=/dev/sda of=/tmp/file1	backup content of the harddrive to a file
# dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1	make a copy of MBR (Master Boot Record) to floppy
# dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1	restore MBR from backup copy saved to floppy
# dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home	make a full backup of directory '/home'
# dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home	make a incremental backup of directory '/home'
# restore -if /tmp/home0.bak	restoring a backup interactively
# rsync -rogpav --delete /home /tmp	synchronization between directories
# rsync -rogpav -e ssh --delete /home ip_address:/tmp	rsync via SSH tunnel
# rsync -az -e ssh --delete ip_addr:/home/public /home/local	synchronize a local directory with a remote directory via ssh and compression
# rsync -az -e ssh --delete /home/local ip_addr:/home/public	synchronize a remote directory with a local directory via ssh and compression
# tar -Puf backup.tar /home/user	make a incremental backup of directory '/home/user'
# ( cd /tmp/local/ && tar c . ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/share/ && tar x -p'	copy content of a directory on remote directory via ssh
# ( tar c /home ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/backup-home && tar x -p'	copy a local directory on remote directory via ssh
# tar cf - . | (cd /tmp/backup ; tar xf - )	local copy preserving permits and links from a directory to another

easy learn linux command line-part 21

Do you know anythings about SWAP file System in linux? 

in here you can find more information about swap filesystem in Linux, but you have to know that use swap file system decrease in Linux after 2010 because many machines has powerful Ram to prevent for Crashing machine.

know we want to create a swap file system in our Linux distribution and active one or two swap filesystems.

let start:

Filesystem SWAP
Command	Description
# mkswap /dev/hda3	create a swap filesystem
# swapon /dev/hda3	activating a new swap partition
# swapon /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb3	activate two swap partitions

Easy learn linux command line- Part 20

Do you format any file systems in linux? 

maybe yes, you format it with GUI and maybe no. today we want to learn, how to use linux Command line for format a file system on our Hard Drive or even Floppy Drive!

lets to start: 

Format a Filesystem
Command	Description
# fdformat -n /dev/fd0	format a floppy disk
# mke2fs /dev/hda1	create a filesystem type linux ext2 on hda1 partition
# mke2fs -j /dev/hda1	create a filesystem type linux ext3 (journal) on hda1 partition
# mkfs /dev/hda1	create a filesystem type linux on hda1 partition
# mkfs -t vfat 32 -F /dev/hda1	create a FAT32 filesystem
# mkswap /dev/hda3	create a swap filesystem

Easy learn linux command line- Part 19

Hello, after some months we want to learn about File system Analysis, to night.

we learn how to check or repair integrity of Variable file system in gnu\linux.

Command	Description
# badblocks -v /dev/hda1	check bad blocks on disk hda1
# dosfsck /dev/hda1	repair / check integrity of dos filesystems on disk hda1
# e2fsck /dev/hda1	repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1
# e2fsck -j /dev/hda1	repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1
# fsck /dev/hda1	repair / check integrity of linux filesystem on disk hda1
# fsck.ext2 /dev/hda1	repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1
# fsck.ext3 /dev/hda1	repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1
# fsck.vfat /dev/hda1	repair / check integrity of fat filesystem on disk hda1
# fsck.msdos /dev/hda1	repair / check integrity of dos filesystem on disk hda1

Easy learn linux command line- Part 17

what do you do if you want to convert a file format from Dos to Linux Base OS?

to night we will learn how to use command line in linux terminal to convert some file format to linux and which commands use to recognize available format for convert.

Command Description # dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt convert a text file format from MSDOS to UNIX    # recode ..HTML < page.txt > page.html convert a text file to html    # recode -l | more show all available formats conversion    # unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt convert a text file format from UNIX to MSDOS

آموزش خط فرمان-قسمت هفدهم

گاهی اوقات نیاز به اتقال فایل هایی خود از سیستم عامل ویندوز به لینوکس هستید. گاهی اوقات هم پیش آمده که بخواهید یک فرمت ویندوزی را با تبدیل در لینوکس، قابلیت استفاده داشته باشید.

چگونه می تونید فرمت فایل های قابل تغییر را پیدا نمایید و آنها را تبدیل نمایید. در این قسمت می آموزیم به سادگی هر چه تمامتر این کار را انجام دهیم . با توجه به استفاده ویندوز از هسته سیستم عامل داس در نگارش های پیشین قسمتی از آموزش مربوط به انتقال فایل از این سیستم عامل به سیستم عامل های لینوکسی است.

تبدیل فرمت فایل ها
دستور	توضیح
# dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt	تبدیل فرمت یک فایل متنی از سیستم MSDOS به سیستم UNIX
# recode ..HTML < page.txt > page.html	تبدیل یک فایل متنی به فرمت html
# recode -l | more	نمایش همه ی فرمت های قابل تبدیل
# unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt	تبدیل فرمت یک فایل متنی از سیستم UNIX به سیستم MSDOS

Easy learn linux command line- Part 16

hello again, you learned how to use command line for open files in terminal in the last post. now you need to edit files!

what is your recommendation comment?
if you don't have any idea, this post is especially write for you. only persons that need to edit, compare two files with together,found differences between files, merging them, found any word and replace in the files, remove empty rows, sort content and etc.

Command	Description
# cat example.txt | awk 'NR%2==1'	remove all even lines from example.txt
# echo a b c | awk '{print $1}'	view the first column of a line
# echo a b c | awk '{print $1,$3}'	view the first and third column of a line
# cat -n file1	number row of a file
# comm -1 file1 file2	compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file1'
# comm -2 file1 file2	compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file2'
# comm -3 file1 file2	compare contents of two files by deleting only the lines that appear on both files
# diff file1 file2	find differences between two files
# grep Aug /var/log/messages	look up words "Aug" on file '/var/log/messages'
# grep ^Aug /var/log/messages	look up words that begin with "Aug" on file '/var/log/messages'
# grep [0-9] /var/log/messages	select from file '/var/log/messages' all lines that contain numbers
# grep Aug -R /var/log/*	search string "Aug" at directory '/var/log' and below
# paste file1 file2	merging contents of two files for columns
# paste -d '+' file1 file2	merging contents of two files for columns with '+' delimiter on the center
# sdiff file1 file2	find differences between two files and merge interactively alike "diff"
# sed 's/string1/string2/g' example.txt	replace "string1" with "string2" in example.txt
# sed '/^$/d' example.txt	remove all blank lines from example.txt
# sed '/ *#/d; /^$/d' example.txt	remove comments and blank lines from example.txt
# sed -e '1d' exampe.txt	eliminates the first line from file example.txt
# sed -n '/string1/p'	view only lines that contain the word "string1"
# sed -e 's/ *$//' example.txt	remove empty characters at the end of each row
# sed -e 's/string1//g' example.txt	remove only the word "string1" from text and leave intact all
# sed -n '1,5p' example.txt	print from 1th to 5th row of example.txt
# sed -n '5p;5q' example.txt	print row number 5 of example.txt
# sed -e 's/00*/0/g' example.txt	replace more zeros with a single zero
# sort file1 file2	sort contents of two files
# sort file1 file2 | uniq	sort contents of two files omitting lines repeated
# sort file1 file2 | uniq -u	sort contents of two files by viewing only unique line
# sort file1 file2 | uniq -d	sort contents of two files by viewing only duplicate line
# echo 'word' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]'	convert from lower case in upper case

آموزش خط فرمان-قسمت پانزدهم

حتما این جمله را بارها شنیده اید که در لینوکس هر چیزی به صورت فایل متنی است، همین ویژگی جالب لینوکس سبب شده است که کاربران آن بتوانند به راحتی نسبت به مطالعه اطلاعات سیستمی و تغییر آنها اقدام نمایند.از فایل های کاربران گرفته تا ریز اطلاعات سخت افزارهایی همچون پردازنده، کارت گرافیکی و ... در لینوکس به صورت فایل ذخیره می شود.
ممکن گهگاهی نیازمند باشید این فایل ها را به هر دلیلی ملاحظه نموده و تغییر دهید. به همین دلیل و با توجه به اجازه های دسترسی به این فایل ها نیازمند استفاده از خط فرمان جهت بازکردن و اعمال تغییرات خواهید بود. در قسمت پانزدهم اموزش خط فرمان لینوکس می آموزیم چگونه یک فایل را بازنموده و محتویات آنرا ببینیم.

مشاهده ی محتویات فایل دستور توضیح # cat file1 نمایش محتویات یک فایل با شروع از سطر اول    # head -2 file1 نمایش دو خط اول یک فایل    # less file1 مشابه دستور more است با این تفاوت که امکان حرکت رو به عقب نیز وجود دارد    # more file1 نمایش محتویات یک فایل به صورت درصدی و رو به جلو    # tac file1 نمایش محتویات یک فایل با شروع از خط آخر    # tail -2 file1 نمایش دو خط آخر یک فایل    # tail -f /var/log/messages نمایش محتویات یک فایل به طوری که تغییرات صورت گرفته در فایل به طور لحظه ای نمایش داده می شود

Easy learn linux command line- Part 14

Hello to every one. to night we want to learn about Most Popular Command for install Packages in the Debian Base OS Like Mint, Ubuntu, Debian and etc.

apt-get is very prevalent in Debian Base OS. Apt-get Tool help you for Download, install, remove, Upgrade, clean and Many others about Packages.

many user in Linux world used this command for Packages, maybe powerful reason for this behavior is exist many article, post and information about Apt-get in Linux command line.

Command	Description
# apt-cache search [package]	returns list of packages which corresponds string "searched-packages"
# apt-cdrom install [package]	install / upgrade a deb package from cdrom
# apt-get install [package]	install / upgrade a deb package
# apt-get update	update the package list
# apt-get upgrade	upgrade all of the installed packages
# apt-get remove [package]	remove a deb package from system
# apt-get check	verify correct resolution of dependencies
# apt-get clean	clean up cache from packages downloaded

Easy learn linux command line- Part 12+1

Now we know how to use YUM tool or other command in Fedora and RedHat, But what can you ,If you install mint, ubuntu,Debian and Deb Base OS.
in this session we will learn some new command line for install, update, upgrade, remove and etc in Debian OS base.
Dpkg is default command in ubuntu and Debian for work with packages.

don't forget Linux system work intelligent and only download packages that dependence to original deb package.

Command Description # dpkg -i [package.deb] install / upgrade a deb package    # dpkg -r [package] remove a deb package from the system    # dpkg -l show all deb packages installed on the system    # dpkg -l | grep httpd show all deb packages with the name "httpd"    # dpkg -s [package] obtain information on a specific package installed on system    # dpkg -L [package] show list of files provided by a package installed on system    # dpkg --contents [package.deb] show list of files provided by a package not yet installed    # dpkg -S /bin/ping verify which package belongs to a given file